Mortalidad en hospitalizados con traumatismo torácico: variables asociadas, causas y distribución temporal / Associated variables, causes and time distribution of mortality in thoracic trauma patients

Resumen Introducción: Los traumatismos están entre las diez principales causas de muerte a nivel mundial y son la primera en jóvenes. El traumatismo torácico (TT) está presente en un alto porcentaje de las muertes por traumatismos y es la segunda causa de muerte después del traumatismo encefalocraneano. Objetivos: Analizar las variables asociadas a mortalidad, las causas principales y la distribución temporal de la mortalidad en hospitalizados fallecidos con TT. Materiales y Método: Estudio observacional de hospitalizados con TT, período enero de 1981 a diciembre de 2018. Revisión de protocolos prospectivos de TT y base de datos. Se consignaron las causas de muerte sindromáticas principales y se realizó una regresión logística para variables asociadas a mortalidad. Se utilizó SPSS25® con pruebas chi-cuadrado para comparar clasificación, tipo de TT y su distribución temporal, considerando significativo p < 0,05. Resultados: Total 4.297 TT, mortalidad global de 120 (2,8%) casos. Las principales variables independientes asociadas a mortalidad fueron el deterioro fisiológico al ingreso, el hemotórax masivo y el TT por arma de fuego. La principal causa de muerte fue el shock hipovolémico, con diferencias significativas según tipo de TT en las primeras 4 y 24 horas. En la distribución temporal se observó que las muertes con TT penetrante y aislado fueron más precoces y no se evidenció un nuevo peak en la mortalidad luego de la primera semana. Conclusiones: Se observaron variables independientes asociadas a mortalidad en hospitalizados con TT, siendo el deterioro fisiológico al ingreso el factor más importante. Además, existen diferencias significativas en las causas de muerte y distribución temporal de la mortalidad entre diferentes subgrupos de hospitalizados con TT.

Background: Trauma is one of the ten leading causes of death worldwide and the first among the youth. Thoracic trauma (TT) is present in a high percentage of deaths due to trauma and is the second leading cause of death after traumatic brain injury. Aim: To analyze the mortality associated variables, major causes and temporal distribution of mortality among dead hospitalized patients with TT. Materials and Method: Observational study in hospitalized patients with TT, period January 1981 to December 2018. Review of prospective TT protocols and data base. Major syndromic causes of death were recorded and a logistic regression for variables associated with mortality was made. SPSS25® with chi-quadrat tests was used to compare classification, type of TT and temporal distribution. A p value < 0,05 was considered significant. Results: Total 4.297 TT and global mortality was 120 (2,8%) cases. The main independent variables associated with mortality were the physiological decline upon admission, massive hemothorax and TT by firearms. The leading cause of death was hypovolemic shock, with significant differences according to the type of TT in the first 4 and 24 hours. In the temporal distribution was observed that, the deaths with penetrating and isolated TT were earlier and that there was no second peak of mortality following the first week. Conclusions: Independent variables associated with mortality were observed among hospitalized patients with TT, being physiological deterioration the most important factor. Besides, there are significant differences in the death causes and temporal distribution of mortality among the different subgroups of hospitalized patients with TT.

Implementation of a new Single-Pass Whole-Body Computed Tomography Protocol: Is it safe, effective and efficient in patients with severe trauma? / Implementación de un nuevo protocolo de Tomografía Computarizada Corporal Total de un solo pase: ¿Es seguro, efectivo y eficiente en pacientes con trauma severo?

Abstract Purpose: The objective of this study was to evaluate the implementation of a new single-pass whole-body computed tomography Protocol in the management of patients with severe trauma. Methods: This was a descriptive evaluation of polytrauma patients who underwent whole-body computed tomography. Patients were divided into three groups: 1. Blunt trauma hemodynamically stable 2. Blunt trauma hemodynamically unstable and 3. Penetrating trauma. Demographics, whole-body computed tomography parameters and outcome variables were evaluated. Results: Were included 263 patients. Median injury severity score was 22 (IQR: 16-22). Time between arrival to the emergency department and completing the whole-body computed tomography was under 30 minutes in most patients [Group 1: 28 minutes (IQR: 14-55), Group 2: 29 minutes (IQR: 16-57), and Group 3: 31 minutes (IQR: 13-50; p= 0.96)]. 172 patients (65.4%) underwent non-operative management. The calculated and the real survival rates did not vary among the groups either [Group 1: TRISS 86.4% vs. real survival rate 85% (p= 0.69); Group 2: TRISS 69% vs. real survival rate 74% (p= 0.25); Group 3: TRISS 93% vs. real survival rate 87% (p= 0.07)]. Conclusion: This new single-pass whole-body computed tomography protocol was safe, effective and efficient to decide whether the patient with severe trauma requires a surgical intervention independently of the mechanism of injury or the hemodynamic stability of the patient. Its use could also potentially reduce the rate of unnecessary surgical interventions of patients with severe trauma including those with penetrating trauma.

Resumen Introducción: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la implementación de un nuevo protocolo de tomografía computarizada corporal total para el manejo de pacientes con trauma severo. Métodos: Este estudio es una evaluación descriptiva de pacientes que recibieron tomografía computarizada corporal total. Los pacientes fueron divididos en 3 grupos: 1. Trauma cerrado hemodinámicamente estables, 2. Trauma cerrado hemodinámicamente inestables y 3. Trauma penetrante. Se evaluaron las características demográficas, parámetros relacionados con la técnica y los desenlaces de los pacientes. Resultados: Se incluyeron 263 pacientes. La mediana del puntaje de severidad de la lesión fue 22 (RIQ: 16-22). El tiempo entre el ingreso a urgencias y completar la tomografía corporal total fue menor a 30 minutos en la mayoría de pacientes [Grupo 1: 28 minutos (RIQ: 14-55), Grupo 2: 29 minutos (RIQ: 16-57), y Grupo 3: 31 minutos (RIQ: 13-50; p= 0.96). 172 pacientes (65.4%) recibieron manejo no operatorio. Las tasas de supervivencia calculadas y reales no difirieron entre ninguno de los grupos [Grupo 1: TRISS 86.4% vs. Tasa real de supervivencia 85% (p= 0.69); Grupo 2: TRISS 69% vs. Tasa real de supervivencia 74% (p= 0.25); Grupo 3: TRISS 93% vs. Tasa real de supervivencia 87% (p= 0.07)]. Conclusión: Este nuevo protocolo de tomografía corporal total de un solo pase fue seguro, efectivo y eficiente para definir si los pacientes con trauma severo requieren o no una intervención quirúrgica. Su uso podría reducir la tasa de intervenciones quirúrgicas innecesarias en estos pacientes incluyendo los que se presentan con trauma penetrante.

Traumatismo penetrante cardiaco: caracterización, resultados inmediatos y variables asociadas a morbilidad y mortalidad en pacientes operados / Penetrating cardiac trauma: findings, outcomes and prognostic factors in operated patients

INTRODUCCIÓN: El traumatismo penetrante cardiaco (TPC) por sus características y en particular por su alta mortalidad, constituye un desafío quirúrgico permanente. OBJETIVOS: Describir las características, resultados inmediatos y factores pronósticos en TPC. MATERIALES Y MÉTODO: Estudio descriptivo transversal, revisión de protocolos prospectivos de traumatismo torácico, registros de pabellón y fichas clínicas. Período enero de 1990-diciembre de 2017. Se incluyeron todos los pacientes con TPC operados. Se describen y analizan diversas variables. Se realizó regresión logística con análisis univariado y multivariado para identificar variables asociadas a morbilidad, deterioro neurológico y mortalidad. RESULTADOS: 220 pacientes operados por TPC, 209 (95,0%) hombres, edad promedio 30,4 ± 13,3, mediana 27 años. Mecanismo: agresión en 202 (91,8%). El agente traumático fue en 186 (84,5%) arma blanca, en 21 (9,5%) arma de fuego. Presentaban taponamiento 169 (76,8%) pacientes, ingresaron en shock 103 (46,8%) y en paro cardiorrespiratorio 20 (9,1%). Vía de abordaje fue esternotomía en 157 (71,4%), toracotomía izquierda en 58 (26,4%). Las cavidades cardiacas lesionadas más frecuentes fueron ventrículo derecho en 110 (50,0%), ventrículo izquierdo en 72 (32,7%). Se hospitalizaron en UCI en el postoperatorio 135 (61,4%), se transfundieron 74 (33,6%), presentaron complicaciones 60 (27,3%) y se reoperaron 21 (9,5%). Mortalidad 28 (12,7%). La estadía postoperatoria tuvo una mediana de 6 días (rango 1-150). Se identificaron factores pronósticos. DISCUSIÓN: Los TPC operados son más frecuentes en hombres agredidos con arma blanca, la cavidad lesionada más frecuente es el ventrículo derecho. Nuestra morbimortalidad es comparable con series internacionales.

INTRODUCTION: Penetrating cardiac trauma (PCT) constitute a permanent surgical challenge due to it characteristics and high mortality. AIM: To describe the findings, outcomes and prognostic factors in PCT. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Cross-sectional descriptive study, review of prospective thoracic trauma protocols and surgical registries. Period January 1990-December 2017. All patients with PCT were included. Various variables are described and analyzed. Univariate and multivariate analysis were performed to identify factors associated with morbidity, neurologic dysfunction and mortality. RESULTS: 220 patients PCT, 209 (95.0%) men, mean age 30.4 ± 13.3, median 27 years. Mechanism: Aggression in 202 (91.8%). The traumatic agent was cold steel in 186 (84.4%) and fire arm in 21 (9.5%). 169 (76.8%) patients presented with tamponade, 103 (46.8%) shock and 20 (9.1%) cardiopulmonary arrest. Approach was sternotomy in 157 (71.4%), left thoracotomy in 58 (26.4%). The most common injured areas were right ventricle in 110 (50.0%), left ventricle in 72 (32.7%). 135 (61.4%) patients needed postoperative ICU and 74 (33.6%) were transfused. Complications occurred in 60 (27.3%). Twenty-one (9.5%) were reoperated. Mortality 28 (12.7%). The postoperative median stay was 6 days (Range 1-150). Prognostic factors were identified. DISCUSSION: Operated PCT are more frequent in men with stab wound, the most common injured area is the right ventricle. The morbidity and mortality is comparable with international series.

Fatores associados ao óbito e à reposição volêmica em pacientes com trauma por lesões penetrantes / Factors associated with death or volume replacement in patients with trauma due to penetrating injuries

Objective: to evaluate the prognostic factors of volume replacement in patients with trauma due to penetrating injuries. Methods: retrospective cohort study whose data were obtained by analyzing medical records of 544 patients who were admitted to the emergency unit, victims of penetrating trauma. Results: among the victims, 282 (51.9%) suffered stab wound, 262 (48.2%) injury by firearms, 486 (89.3%) were male, 382 (70.2%) were aged between 14 and 30 years. Most who received volume greater than 2000ml, systolic blood pressure ≤90mmHg and mean arterial pressure ≤65mmHg presented more mortality, with p <0.05, p <0.002 and p <0.003, respectively. Conclusion: the limited volume replacement can help in the good prognosis of victims of penetrating trauma.

Avaliar os fatores prognósticos da reposição volêmica em pacientes com trauma por lesões penetrantes. Métodos: estudo de coorte retrospectiva cujos dados foram obtidos através da análise de prontuários de 544 pacientes que deram entrada no serviço de emergência, vítimas de traumatismo penetrante. Resultados: dentre as vítimas, 282 (51,9%) sofreram ferimento por arma branca, 262 (48,2%) ferimento por arma de fogo, 486 (89,3%) eram do sexo masculino, com idade entre 14 e 30 anos 382 (70,2%). A maioria que recebeu fluído maior que 2000ml, pressão arterial sistólica ≤90mmHg e pressão arterial média ≤65mmHg, apresentou mais mortalidade, com valor de p<0,05, p<0,002 e p<0,003, respectivamente. Conclusão: a reposição volêmica limitada pode auxiliar no bom prognóstico do paciente vítima de trauma penetrante.

Effective Transport for Trauma Patients under Current Circumstances in Korea: A Single Institution Analysis of Treatment Outcomes for Trauma Patients Transported via the Domestic 119 Service

In Korea, which still lacks a well-established trauma care system, the inability to transport patients to adequate treatment sites in a timely manner is a cause of low trauma patient survival. As such, this study was conducted to serve as a basis for the establishment of a future trauma transport system. We performed a comparative analysis of the transport time, and treatment outcomes between trauma victims transported by ground ambulance (GAMB) and those transported via the helicopter emergency medical service (HEMS) through the National Emergency Management Agency's 119 reporting system, which is similar to the 911 system of the United States, from March 2011 to May 2014. The HEMS-transported patients received treatment instructions, by remote communication, from our trauma specialists from the time of accident reporting; in certain instances, members of the trauma medical staff provided treatment at the scene. A total of 1,626 patients were included in the study; the GAMB and HEMS groups had 1,547 and 79 patients, respectively. The median transport time was different between 2 groups (HEMS, 60 min vs. GAMB, 47 min, P<0.001) but for all patients was 49 min (less than the golden hour). Outcomes were significantly better in the HEMS compared to the GAMB, using the trauma and injury severity score (survival rate, 94.9% vs. 90.5%; Z score, 2.83 vs. -1.96; W score, 6.7 vs. -0.8). A unified 119 service transport system, which includes helicopter transport, and the adoption of a trauma care system that allows active initial involvement of trauma medical personnel, could improve the treatment outcome of trauma patients.

Effective Transport for Trauma Patients under Current Circumstances in Korea: A Single Institution Analysis of Treatment Outcomes for Trauma Patients Transported via the Domestic 119 Service

In Korea, which still lacks a well-established trauma care system, the inability to transport patients to adequate treatment sites in a timely manner is a cause of low trauma patient survival. As such, this study was conducted to serve as a basis for the establishment of a future trauma transport system. We performed a comparative analysis of the transport time, and treatment outcomes between trauma victims transported by ground ambulance (GAMB) and those transported via the helicopter emergency medical service (HEMS) through the National Emergency Management Agency's 119 reporting system, which is similar to the 911 system of the United States, from March 2011 to May 2014. The HEMS-transported patients received treatment instructions, by remote communication, from our trauma specialists from the time of accident reporting; in certain instances, members of the trauma medical staff provided treatment at the scene. A total of 1,626 patients were included in the study; the GAMB and HEMS groups had 1,547 and 79 patients, respectively. The median transport time was different between 2 groups (HEMS, 60 min vs. GAMB, 47 min, P<0.001) but for all patients was 49 min (less than the golden hour). Outcomes were significantly better in the HEMS compared to the GAMB, using the trauma and injury severity score (survival rate, 94.9% vs. 90.5%; Z score, 2.83 vs. -1.96; W score, 6.7 vs. -0.8). A unified 119 service transport system, which includes helicopter transport, and the adoption of a trauma care system that allows active initial involvement of trauma medical personnel, could improve the treatment outcome of trauma patients.

Fatores prognósticos nos ferimentos cervicais penetrantes / Prognostic factors of penetrating neck trauma

O pescoço é vulnerável a traumatismos devido à grande quantidade de estruturas vitais, podendo ocorrer lesões importantes e com alta morbimortalidade. OBJETIVO: Avaliar resultados em pacientes vítimas de ferimentos penetrantes cervicais. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados retrospectivamente prontuários de 39 pacientes entre 2001 e 2009. Ferimentos penetrantes foram definidos como lesões que penetravam além do músculo platisma. Foram analisados idade, gênero, etiologia, localização dos ferimentos, estruturas lesadas, tratamento e desfecho. Foi verificada a associação entre essas variáveis e o desfecho (alta ou óbito) por meio do teste exato de Fisher. RESULTADOS: Dos 39 pacientes analisados, 33 (84,62 por cento) eram homens, com média de 28 anos. A principal causa de ferimento cervical penetrante foi projétil de arma de fogo, com 19 (48,72 por cento) casos e a zona mais acometida foi a zona II, com 29 (74,36 por cento). Foram observados 13 (33,3 por cento) casos de instabilidade hemodinâmica e o tempo médio de internação dos pacientes foi de 14 (1-99) dias. A principal indicação da exploração cirúrgica foi a presença de hemorragia profusa em oito (20,5 por cento) dos casos. As principais estruturas acometidas foram veias cervicais (20,5 por cento). Ocorreram oito (20,51 por cento) óbitos. Pacientes jovens apresentaram melhor prognóstico. CONCLUSÃO: A mortalidade foi de 20,51 por cento. Pacientes com menos de 26 anos apresentaram melhor prognóstico.

The neck is vulnerable to trauma because of vital structures and possible major injuries with high morbidity and mortality rates. AIM: To evaluate the outcome in patients with penetrating cervical wounds. METHODS: The medical registries of 39 patients were analyzed retrospectively from 2001 to 2009. Penetrating wounds were defined as injuries that penetrated beyond the platysma muscle. Age, gender, etiology, wound site, injured structures, treatment, and outcome were analyzed. Fisher's exact test was adopted to establish the link between these variables and the outcome (discharge or death). RESULTS: Of 39 patients, 33 (84.62 percent) were men with a mean age of 28 years. The main cause was firearm projectiles - 19 (48.72 percent) cases; the most frequently affected zone was zone II - 29 (74.36 percent). Thirteen (33.3 percent) cases of hemodynamic instability were observed, and the average hospital stay was 14 (1-99) days. The main indication for surgical intervention was the presence of profuse hemorrhage, in eight (20.5 percent) cases. The main structures affected were the cervical veins (20.5 percent). There were eight (20.51 percent) deaths. Younger patients had a better prognosis. CONCLUSION: The mortality rate was 20.51 percent. Patients below age 26 years had a better prognosis.

Penetrating chest injuries: a medicolegal analysis.

Penetrating injuries are one of the commonest methods of committing murder, of which penetrating injuries of the chest/heart are very serious and prove fatal in most of the cases (1). In a post mortem study of penetrating chest injuries at Lucknow, majority of the victims were adult male between 20-50 years of age. In majority of the cases injuries were caused by firearms usually a shot gun. Injuries by knives and daggers were also seen in few cases. Injuries were seen on the front of chest, predominantly on the left side, in majority of the cases. Lungs were damaged in all the cases. Heart; aorta & other thoracic organs were also injured in substantial number of cases. In the cases where heart was found damaged, the right ventricle was injured in majority of the cases. Two-third of the victims died within three hours after getting injuries, either on the spot or in the way to the hospital. All the cases of penetrating chest injuries were homicidal & personal rivalry was the single most common reason behind these deaths.

Trauma do pâncreas: fatores preditivos de morbidade e mortalidade relacionados a índices de trauma / Trauma of pancreas: predictor's factors of morbidity and mortality related to trauma index

Contexto: Embora incomuns, lesões traumáticas do pâncreas estão associadas a significativos níveis de complicações e mortalidade. OBJETIVO: Definir os fatores preditivos de morbidade e mortalidade em pacientes vítimas de trauma pancreático. MÉTODO: Foram estudados 131 pacientes atendidos pela Disciplina de Cirurgia do Trauma no Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, SP, no período entre janeiro de 1994 a dezembro de 2007, com seus parâmetros epidemiológicos, fisiológicos e anatômicos, sendo comparados e analisados aos fatores preditivos de evolução, com estudo estatístico. Resultados: Trauma penetrante, com predomínio de ferimentos por projétil de arma de fogo ocorreu em 64 por cento dos casos. A maioria, 91,6 por cento, era do sexo masculino e a idade média de 29,8anos. A morbidade global foi de 64,9 por cento, com 29 por cento de complicações diretamente relacionadas ao pâncreas, como fístulas e sangramento. A mortalidade foi de 27,5 por cento, principalmente em decorrência de choque hipovolêmico e falência de múltiplos órgãos e sistemas. Houve maior morbidade e mortalidade em pacientes com lesões complexas (graus IV e V) do pâncreas quando comparadas com lesões menos graves (graus I e II), porém a morbidade e mortalidade neste grupo não foram desprezíveis, devido a valores alterados de escore de trauma revisado ("revised trauma score"), valores elevados de índice de gravidade da lesão ("injury severity score") e "abdominal trauma index". Conclusões: Valores alterados de "revised trauma score", pressão arterial sistólica menor que 90 mm Hg, valor de "injury severity score" menor ou igual a 15 e valor de "abdominal trauma index" maior ou igual a 25 são fatores relacionados a aumento da morbidade. Valores anormais de "revised trauma score", valores de "injury severity score" e "abdominal trauma index" superiores a 25, pressão arterial sistólica inferior a 90 mm Hg são fatores preditivos de aumento de mortalidade...

Context: Although relatively uncommon, traumatic pancreatic injury is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVE: To define the predictors' factors of increase in the morbidity and mortality in patients with pancreatic trauma. METHOD: In this casuistic 131 patients were studied, since January 1994 through December 2007, with theirs epidemiological, physiological and anatomic parameters compared and the analysis of the predictive values for the occurrence of bad evolution, with an appropriate statistical study. Results: Penetrating trauma occurred in 64 percent and blunt trauma in 36 percent, and 91.6 percent was male. The mean age was 29,8 years. The global morbidity in this series was 64.9 percent with 29 percent prevalence of pancreas related complications, such as pancreatic fistula and bleeding occurrence. The overall mortality was 27.5 percent and occurred by hemorrhagic shock and multiple organs and system failed. CONCLUSIONS: Higher morbidity and mortality was related with complex injuries of the pancreas (grade IV and V), but morbidity and mortality in the group of injuries grade I and II are not minimal in patients with changed values of revised trauma score and high values of injury severity score and abdominal trauma index. Systolic blood pressure lower 90 mm Hg, changed values of revised trauma score index, values of injury severity score higher 15 and values of abdominal trauma index higher 25 are predictive factors of morbidity. Changed values of revised trauma score, values of injury severity score or abdominal trauma index higher 25, systolic blood pressure are predictive factors of mortality in patients with pancreatic trauma. Low values of TRISS are predictive of higher morbidity and mortality, but high values of TRISS are not predictives of satisfactory evolution.

Homicides by sharp weapons.

In the present society, which is gradually becoming over democratic it is natural that old values of sanctity of life changes and personality problems develop due to consequent stress of life. This ultimately results in violence. Killing of a human being is one of the most serious or major crimes. Since very long time, different judicial authority to prevent crime and its further occurrence framed laws. The laws were made according to the religious make up of the society but later the laws were according to the emperor’s own convenience. In spite of all these, there has been a phenomenal rise in the incidence of homicide all over the world and also in India. The study was conducted on 200 alleged cases of homicides. The incidence of homicidal deaths was observed as 13.03% with male preponderance and the commonest age affected was 21 to 40 yrs. Out of different weapons used to inflict the injuries on dead bodies of homicides, 31(10.88%) sharp cutting weapons were used. Incised wounds were present maximum 38(29.69%) on head and face. Defence wounds were present in 72(36%) of homicide deaths.

Subxiphoid pericardial window in stable cardiac proximity injuries

The use of the subxiphoid pericardial window (SPW) in evaluating stable patients with cardiac proximity injuries is presented in a short case series. There were 11 patients with four positive and seven negative SPW. There was one false positive and no false negatives. Review of the literature on the use of the SPW as a diagnostic tool in evaluating cardiac proximity injuries shows the SPW to be a rapid and reliable method of detecting occult cardiac injuries, and is especially useful in areas where emergency echocardiography is not available

Outcome of primary repair in penentrating colonic injuries

To assess the outcome of primary repair in penetrating colonic injuries in terms of regional/local morbidity [suture line breakdown, intra-abdominal abscess] and mortality. Design: Prospective, interventional study. Place and Duration of Study: Surgical Unit II at Lahore General Hospital, Lahore, over a period of 3 1/2 years from June 1999 to December 2002. Patients and Out of 38 consecutive patients with penetrating colon injuries, a selective group of 25 patients [65.7%] undergoing primary repair [simple suture, resection and anastomosis without covering colostomy and right hemicolectomy] were included in this study. The morbidity and mortality variables were recorded and statistically analyzed. Majority of our patients were of younger age group [mean 25 years]. Twenty patients [80%] were male. The commonest mode of injury was firearm injury [72%]. The time interval between injury and repair was 3-11 hours [mean 7 hours]. Simple repair of colon with interrupted stitches was the commonest procedure performed [44%], followed by right hemicolectomy [32%]. Colon related complications developed in 3 patients [12%], which included two fecal fistulae and one intra-abdominal collection. One patient died of septicemia [4%]. Hospital stay ranged between 6-16 days [mean 8 days]. Primary repair is a safe method of managing penetrating colon injuries in carefully selected patients

Traumas abdominales. Experiencia en un Servicio de Cirugía General, 1986 a 1993 / Abdominal traumas. Experience at a General Surgery Service, 1986-1993

Se efectuó un estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo de tipo observacional y corte transversal, en el que se incluyeron a 359 pacientes ingresados por trauma abdominal, en el Servicio de Cirugía General del Hospital General Provincial Docente ôCarlos Manuel de Céspedesö de Bayamo, Granma, desde el 1ro de enero de 1986 hasta el 31 de diciembre de 1993. Los pacientes representaron el 1,67 (por ciento) del total de ingresos, el 1,60 (por ciento) de las operaciones mayores y el 6,63(por ciento) de los fallecidos del Servicio, en este período. La edad de los pacientes osciló entre 10 meses y 74 años, con una media de 27,85 años. El grupo etáreo más afectado fue el de 21 a 30 años. El 79,68 (por ciento) de los casos se incluyó entre los 11 a 40 años. Predominó el sexo masculino, a razón de 5,41:1, sobre el femenino. Las heridas por arma blanca constituyeron la primera causa de lesiones. Predominaron las lesiones abiertas (69,64 por ciento). Se detectó lesión visceral en el 59,61 (por ciento) de los casos. La función abdominal tuvo una sensibilidad de 85,22(por ciento), una especificidad de 96,42 (por ciento) y una eficacia de 87,93 (por ciento). Se requirió tratamiento quirúrgico en el 91,92 (por ciento) de los pacientes. Se encontró lesión visceral en 214 enfermos con predominio entre las hepáticas, las de intestino delgado, los esplénicos, las de colon y las de mesenterio. Egresaron vivos 333 pacientes y fallecieron 26 (7,24 por ciento), y fue el shock hipovolémico la principal causa de muerte(AU)

A retrospective, descriptive and observational study was conducted among 359 patients admitted due to abdominal trauma in the General Surgery Service of "Carlos Manuel de Céspedes" Provincial General Teaching Hospital of Bayamo, from January, lst, 1996, to December, 31st, 1993. The patients accounted for 1.67 percent of the total of admissions, 1.60 percent of major operations and 6.63 percent of the deaths occurred at this service in this period. The patients' age ranged from 10 months to 74 years old, with a mean of 27.85 years old. The age group 21-30 was the most affected. 79.68 percent of the cases were between 11 and 40 years old. Males prevailed over the females at a ratio of 5.41:1. The stab wounds were the first cause of injuries. It was observed a predominance of open injuries (69.64 percent).Visceral injury was detected in 59.61 percent of the cases. The abdominal function had a sensitivity of 85.22 percent, a specificity of 96.42 percent and an efficiency of 87.93 percent. Surgical treatment was required in 91.92 percent of the patients. Visceral injury was found in 214 patients with predominance among the liver, the smalll intestine, the spleen, the colon and the mesenterium injuries. 333 patients were discharged alive and 26 (7.24 percent) died.The hypovolemic shock was the main cause of death(AU)

Heridas por proyectil de arma de fuego en niños y adolescentes / Gunshot wounds in children and adolescentes

Introducción: los últimos 15 años las lesiones por proyectil de arma de fuego se han incrementado en el mundo, en esto influyen factores de diversa índole tales como: desintegración familiar, desempleo, incorporación temprana a grupos delictivos, experiencias con drogas, difusión no controlada de actos violentos a través de medios de comunicación masivos, y facilidad para adquisición de armas. En este trabajo se exponen los resultados de un análisis de las lesiones por arma de fuego entre niños y adolescentes del Estado de Sonora. Material y método: se revisaron los casos de menores de 18 años reportados con herida por arma de fuego (HAF) en el Estado de Sonora en los últimos 10 años, excluyéndose suicidios. Se investigaron los casos atendidos en el Hospital Infantil del Estado de Sonora en un periodo de 20 años. Resultados: en el Estado de Sonora se encontraron 344 casos de menores de 18 años que sufrieran HAF, en un lapso de 10 años; de éstos, 200 sobrevivieron, en 60 por ciento tenían edad entre 16 y 18 años; hubo 114 fallecimientos. En cada grupo en más de 80 por ciento de los casos la lesión fue producida de manera intencional. Las heridas penetrantes de tórax y abdomen ocurrieron en 16 y 19 por ciento respectivamente. De los que fallecieron en 2.7 por ciento la acción fue accidental, en éstos el grupo más afectado estuvo entre los 16 y 18 años y el sitio de lesión en 81.9 por ciento afectó cabeza y tórax. De 58 pacientes hospitalizados ninguno falleció, 84 por ciento era del género masculino, el grupo más numeroso estuvo entre los 10 y 15 años. Pertenecían a clase social de nivel bajo 46; en 25.8 por ciento había desintegración familiar, en 55 por ciento la lesión ocurrió en la vía pública y en 50 por ciento por conflictos de pandillas; tres de cada 10 usaban drogas. Las áreas corporales más frecuentemente lesionadas fueron: muslo, abdomen y tórax, las fracturas en 12. Heridas penetrantes se registraron en 19 casos, en 13.7 por ciento estado de choque a su llegada a urgencias; el tratamiento quirúrgico varió de acuerdo a la lesión, regularmente recibieron antibiótico y toxoide tetánico. La mortalidad por grupo de edad encontrada supera en forma preocupante al reportado en ciudades sobrepobladas con alto índice de delitos. Para disminuir el número de casos de lesiones por HAF es necesario la participación de Familia, Maestros, Procuradores de Justicia, Legisladores, Medios de Comunicación, Servicios de Salud Mental, Médicos y Trabajadoras Sociales

Medical problems in surgical patients.

OBJECTIVES: There has been an increase in surgical cases due to physical violence, accidents and weapon related injuries. This study was undertaken to assess the medical problems in general surgical cases and due to various injuries. METHODS: All general surgical cases and casualties arising out of weapon related, accidents and blunt injuries admitted to a zonal hospital over a period of one and half years were studied. Only cases who developed a medical illness due to surgical cause, anaesthetic or surgery were included. Evaluation and treatment was done alongwith the surgeon till discharge/death. Details were analysed to ascertain the type of surgical illness, medical complication and the outcome of treatment. RESULTS: There were seven hundred sixty two (53.8%) general surgery cases and six hundred fifty four (46.2%) cases due to various injuries. After excluding cases with prior known medical illness, thirty seven patients were studied. There were eight (1.05%) patients out of seven hundred sixty two general surgery cases and twenty nine (4.43%) out of six hundred fifty four injury cases. Weapon related injury cases were the maximum. Their medical problems related to the organ injury, fat embolism and sepsis. Soft tissue injury was next common, they all developed renal failure. Vehicle accident victim(3) were few and developed fat embolism, aspiration. Two patients out of thirty seven succumbed to post anaesthetic complications. CONCLUSION: The incidence of medical problem in injury related cases are more than in general surgery cases. The type of injury contributes to the medical problem. Increase in mortality and morbidity is because of emergency nature of surgery. This problem needs special study.

Heridas penetrantes del cuello. Experiencia de 28 casos / Penetring injuries of the neck. Experiencie in 28 cases

La presente comunicación tiene por objeto presentar una serie de 28 pacientes con heridas penetrantes del cuello, atendidos por los autores en un lapso de 1970 a 1996. Estos lesionados acudieron a los Hospitales ®La Villa¼ del D.F., Hospital Central Militar, y dos instituciones privadas, en todos ellos se conoce el mecanismo tipo de la lesión, tratamiento, evolución y estado final del enfermo. Se establecen conductas para decidir sobre la cirugía inmediata o selectiva, el criterio para establecer anastomosis o ligadura en las lesiones arteriales, el manejo de las lesiones aerodigestivas, las vías de acceso al cuello y una técnica original de manejo de las lesiones de la caja laríngea, se hace una revision amplia de la literatura pertinente

Resultados del tratamiento quirúrgico de las lesiones penetrantes del cuello / Results of surgical treatment in penetrating neck injuries

Se analizan 75 pacientes con traumatismos penetrantes del cuello atendidos en el Departamento de Urgencia y en la División Cirugía en el lapso comprendido entre febrero de 1973 hasta mayo de 1995. El mecanismo lesional fue: heridas por arma de fuego 49 casos (65,3 por ciento); heridas por arma blanca 18 (24,1 por ciento); misceláneas 4 (5,3 por ciento) y accidentes de tránsito 4 (5,3 por ciento). Se clasificaron a las lesiones en: cervicales puras; 55 casos (73,3 por ciento) y lesiones combinadas: 20 casos (26,6 por ciento). A las puras, se las agrupó según la clasificación topográfica de ROON hallando: 3 casos en la zona I (13,3 por ciento), 41 en la II (63,3 por ciento), 4 en la III (10 por ciento) y 7 (13,3 por ciento) en las mixtas. Las lesiones combinadas se asociaron con injurias del cráneo, tórax, abdomen y miembros. Las lesiones mayores, con riesgo inminente de muerte, fueron: vasculares (arteriovenosas): 45 casos (69,2 por ciento); laringotraqueales: 13 (20 por ciento); faringoesofágicas 6 (9,2 por ciento) y meduloespinales 1 (1,5 por ciento). La cervicotomía exploradora se realizó en 64 pacientes que al ingreso presentaron evidencia o sospecha de lesiones mayores o ubicadas en la zona II, con penetración del musculocutáneo, encontrando 51 casos (79,6 por ciento) con lesiones viscerales y 13 (20,3 por ciento) con lesiones musculotegumentarias solamente. Al resto de los pacientes, 11 casos (14,6 por ciento) se les realizó tratamiento no quirúrgico. La morbilidad fue del 14 por ciento (9 casos). La mortalidad está relacionada directamente con las lesiones asociadas al traumatismo del cuello y al "Injury Severity Score" (ISS), alcanzando el 12 por ciento (9 casos)

Heridas penetrantes cervicales complicadas: índice de trauma / Complicated penetrating neck wounds: trauma index

Se presenta revisión retrospectiva, de 9 años, de las heridas penetrantes cervicales complicadas. El obhjetivo del trabajo es la creación de un índice de trauma para definir 2 grupos de riesgo postoperatorio, en cuanto a morbilidad y mortalidad. Este índice de trauma considera: 1) edad del paciente dividida por 10; 2) índice de gravedad; 3) índice de lesión. El resultado final se obtienen al multiplicar el índice de gravedad por el de lesión, sumar todas las lesiones, para finalmente agregar el décimo de la edad. Al aplicar el índice de trauma se observa que a mayor puntaje aumenta la morbimortalidad postoperatoria, de esta forma es posible subdividir en 2 grupos a estos pacientes: bajo riesgo (<15,8 p) en que se ubica el 63 por ciento de los pacientes con un 13 por ciento morbilidad y sin mortalidad: alto riesgo (16 y más p) se ubica el 37 por ciento de los pacientes con un 64,7 por ciento de morbilidad y un 35,3 por ciento de mortalidad. Con diferencias estadísticamente significativas en ambos parámetros. De esta forma la aplicación de este índice de trauma permite identificar grupos de riesgo postoperatorio, y al aplicarlo se logra una mejor orientación y distribución de los recursos, poniendo especial énfasis en aquellos que ocupan el grupo de alto riesgo

Heridas penetrantes cardiacas / Cardiac penetrating wounds

La herida penetrante cardíaca ha aumentado en frecuencia como resultado del aumento de la agresividad y de los accidentes automovilísticos e industriales. La experiencia que ello ha significado y la derivada de los conflicots bélicos ha ido mejorando los índicces de recuperación. Para graficar la magnitud del problema en el área occidente del Servicio Metropolitano de Salud se realizó un estudio prospectivo de los pacientes atendidos con este diagnóstico en el Hospital San Juan de Dios durante un período de dos años (junio de 1993 a julio de 1995). Se reunieron 28 pacientes en los que predominaron los hombres (27). El promedio de dad fue de 27 años y la causa más frecuente fue la agresión con arm blanca (89 por ciento). El diagnóstico clínico fue seguido de una toracotomía de urgencia, salvp uno que falleció antes de llegar al pabellón y la vía preferentemente empleada fue la intercostal ánterolateral (85 por ciento). Se realizó cardiorrafia de la cavidad comprometida, que en este grupo fue el ventrículo izquierdo preferentemente. Tanto el inreso en shock hipovolémico severo (17 por ciento), como el 14 por ciento del daño hipóxico del SNC como complicación, sugieren que pudiera haber retraso en el traslado. Se recuperaron 18 pacientes o dicho de otro modo, la letalidad fue de 35,7 por ciento. El estudio cardiológico dirigido previo al alta demostró un 22,3 por ciento de secuelas